Primary sources
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This list is not exhaustive -- it represents the sources most directly relevant to the content on this site. The field is active and growing; new research is published regularly. For the most complete and current bibliography, we recommend searching PubMed using the term "ibogaine" filtered to clinical trials and reviews.
Where a DOI or PubMed link is provided, that is the preferred citation. Where we link to a secondary source such as a news article, it is for context only and should not be cited as primary evidence.
Comprehensive assessments of the clinical evidence base
A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 138, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717
doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717 ↗Ibogaine/Noribogaine in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature
Current Neuropharmacology, vol. 21, no. 11, 2023. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666221017085612
doi.org/10.2174/1570159X21666221017085612 ↗The adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015–2020)
Psychopharmacology, vol. 239, no. 6, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05964-y
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05964-y ↗Key observational studies, cohorts, and clinical reports
Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine
American Journal on Addictions, vol. 8, no. 3, 1999. DOI: 10.1080/105504999305848
doi.org/10.1080/105504999305848 ↗Medication development of ibogaine as a pharmacotherapy for drug dependence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 914, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05213.x
doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05213.x ↗Treatment of opioid use disorder with ibogaine: detoxification and drug use outcomes
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, vol. 44, no. 1, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1320802
doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1320802 ↗Magnesium–ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries
Nature Medicine, vol. 30, January 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02705-w
doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02705-w ↗Subjective effectiveness of ibogaine treatment for problematic opioid consumption: Short- and long-term outcomes and current psychological functioning
Journal of Psychedelic Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2017. DOI: 10.1556/2054.01.2017.009
doi.org/10.1556/2054.01.2017.009 ↗Cardiac risk, adverse events, drug interactions, and mechanism of action
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ibogaine
ACS Chemical Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 10, 2018. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294
doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294 ↗Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose?
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 166, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.005
doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.005 ↗Identifying setting factors associated with improved ibogaine safety: a systematic review of clinical studies
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 273, no. 7, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01590-1
doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01590-1 ↗Ascending-dose study of noribogaine in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 55, no. 2, 2015. DOI: 10.1002/jcph.404
doi.org/10.1002/jcph.404 ↗A non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogen and its effects on addiction and depression models
Nature, vol. 589, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3008-z
doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3008-z ↗Origins, ethnobotany, and the historical record
Ibogaine: A Review
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, vol. 56. Academic Press, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8
doi.org/10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8 ↗A contemporary history of ibogaine in the United States and Europe
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, vol. 56. Academic Press, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56018-6
doi.org/10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56018-6 ↗IUPHAR – invited review: Ibogaine – A legacy within the current renaissance of psychedelic therapy
Pharmacological Research, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106620
doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106620 ↗The Healing Journey: New Approaches to Consciousness
Pantheon Books, New York, 1973.
Legal status, regulatory actions, and news coverage of policy developments
Trump signs order to speed review of psychedelics, including the controversial drug ibogaine
AP News, 18 April 2026.
apnews.com ↗Clinical Guidelines for Ibogaine-Assisted Detoxification
Global Ibogaine Therapy Alliance, 2015.
ibogaineguidelines.com ↗Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review
Human & Experimental Toxicology, vol. 27, no. 3, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/0960327107087802
doi.org/10.1177/0960327107087802 ↗Mechanism of action, receptor binding, and neurobiological effects
Pharmacology of Ibogaine and Ibogaine-Related Alkaloids
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, vol. 52. Academic Press, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60027-9
doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60027-9 ↗Main targets of ibogaine and noribogaine associated with its putative anti-addictive effects: A mechanistic overview
Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 37, no. 12, December 2023. DOI: 10.1177/02698811231200882
doi.org/10.1177/02698811231200882 ↗IBOGAINE; 12-METHOXYIBOGAMINE. In: TiHKAL: The Continuation
Transform Press, Berkeley, 1997. pp. 487–490.